*Replication in Manuscript Text

*Our appraisal measures of the Soviet Union under Stalin and Russia under Putin show that very few respondents who answered the question regard either Stalin or Putin in a highly favorable light (3.4% vs. 1.1% respectively) and only a small minority of respondents indicate somewhat favorable views of either leader (12.5% vs 10.4% respectively). Instead, most respondents maintain highly unfavorable opinions of both figures, though highly unfavorable views of Putin outpace those of Stalin (67.1% vs. 55.0%) with the difference being made up partly by unfavorable responses (21.4% vs 29.1%).

tab revsustalin
tab revrussiaputin

*However, we also note high non-response on questions related to both appraisal of the Soviet Union under Stalin (30.9%) and Russia under Putin (24.7%), raising concerns about sensitivity bias (Blair et al. 2020).

tab dkstalin
tab dkputin

*Replication Notes on Table 1

logit gulag ib2.language female age education financial population, robust
logit victimww2 ib2.language female age education financial population, robust
logit dontknow ib2.language female age education financial population, robust

*Consistent with H1a, it shows a significant negative relationship between memories of gulag victimization and favorability toward the Soviet Union under Stalin (two sample Mann-Whitney tests z = -3.035, p<0.002).

ranksum revsustalin, by(gulag)

*In support of H1b, there is also a significant positive relationship between recall of WWII injury/deaths in the family and favorable views of Stalin’s rule (two sample Mann-Whitney tests z = 2.035, p<0.036).

ranksum revsustalin, by(victimww2)

*Replication notes on Figure 1

cibar revsustalin, over(gulag) 
graph save g1, replace
cibar revsustalin, over(victimww2) 
graph save g2, replace
graph combine g1.gph g2.gph

*Although memories of gulag victimization and WWII experiences are moderately inter-correlated (Spearman’s r = 0.22)

spearman gulag victimww2


*Replication Notes on Table 2

reg revsustalin gulag victimww2, robust
reg revsustalin gulag victimww2 age education ib2.language female i.workstatus financial population ib6.region, cluster(oblast)
reg revsustalin talkgulag2 talkfighting2, robust
reg revsustalin talkgulag2 talkfighting2 age education ib2.language female i.workstatus financial population ib6.region, cluster(oblast)
logit dkstalin gulag victimww2, robust
logit dkstalin gulag victimww2 age education ib2.language female i.workstatus financial population ib6.region, cluster(oblast)
logit dkstalin talkgulag2 talkfighting2, robust
logit dkstalin talkgulag2 talkfighting2 age education ib2.language female i.workstatus financial population ib6.region, cluster(oblast)

*Figure 2 plots the relationship between appraisal of Putin’s Russia and Stalin’s Soviet rule, which shows a strong positive association between favorable views of both leaders (Spearman’s r = 0.53; Wilcoxon matched pairs signed rank test z = 4.79, p<0.0000).

spearman revrussiaputin revsustalin
signrank revrussiaputin = revsustalin


*Replication notes on Figure 2

cibar revsustalin, over(revrussiaputin)

*Replication notes on Table 3. 

reg revsustalin gulag victimww2 age education ib2.language female  i.workstatus financial population ib6.region, cluster(oblast)
reg revsustalin revrussiaputin, robust
reg revrussiaputin gulag victimww2 age education ib2.language female  i.workstatus financial population ib6.region, cluster(oblast)
reg revsustalin revrussiaputin gulag victimww2 age education ib2.language female  i.workstatus financial population ib6.region, cluster(oblast)
reg revsustalin revrussiaputin talkgulag2 talkfighting2 age education ib2.language female  i.workstatus financial population ib6.region, cluster(oblast)
logit dkputin gulag victimww2 age education ib2.language female  i.workstatus financial population ib6.region, cluster(oblast)

*Replication Notes on Table 4

medeff (regress revrussiaputin gulag) (regress revsustalin revrussiaputin gulag), treat(gulag) mediate(revrussiaputin) vce(robust)
medeff (regress revrussiaputin victimww2) (regress revsustalin revrussiaputin victimww2), treat(victimww2) mediate(revrussiaputin) vce(robust)


*Online Appendix Replication

*Appendix Table 1 

sum revsustalin i.revsustalin dkstalin revrussiaputin i.revrussiaputin dkputin gulag victimww2 talkgulag2 talkfighting2 dontknow  i.age i.language i.workstatus female i.education i.financial i.population i.region

*MS Table2 Robustness Checks

logit gulag ib2.language female age education financial population, cluster(oblast)
logit victimww2 ib2.language female age education financial population, cluster(oblast)
logit dontknow ib2.language female age education financial population, cluster(oblast)

*MS Table3 Robustness Checks

logit gulag ib2.language female age education financial population, cluster(region)
logit victimww2 ib2.language female age education financial population, cluster(region)
logit dontknow ib2.language female age education financial population, cluster(region)

*MS Table 4 Robustness Checks

oprobit revsustalin gulag victimww2, robust
oprobit revsustalin gulag victimww2 age education ib2.language female i.workstatus financial population ib6.region, cluster(oblast)
oprobit revsustalin talkgulag2 talkfighting2, robust
oprobit revsustalin talkgulag2 talkfighting2 age education ib2.language female i.workstatus financial population ib6.region, cluster(oblast)

*MS Table 5 Robustness Checks

reg revsustalin gulag victimww2 [pweight=weight], robust
reg revsustalin gulag victimww2 age education ib2.language female i.workstatus financial population ib6.region [pweight=weight], cluster(oblast)
reg revsustalin talkgulag2 talkfighting2 [pweight=weight], robust
reg revsustalin talkgulag2 talkfighting2 age education ib2.language female i.workstatus financial population ib6.region [pweight=weight], cluster(oblast)


*MS Table 6 Robustness Checks

oprobit revsustalin gulag victimww2 age education ib2.language female  i.workstatus financial population ib6.region, cluster(oblast)
oprobit revsustalin revrussiaputin, robust
oprobit revrussiaputin gulag victimww2 age education ib2.language female  i.workstatus financial population ib6.region, cluster(oblast)
oprobit revsustalin talkgulag2 talkfighting2 age education ib2.language female  i.workstatus financial population ib6.region, cluster(oblast)
oprobit revsustalin revrussiaputin gulag victimww2 age education ib2.language female  i.workstatus financial population ib6.region, cluster(oblast)

*MS Table 7 Robustness Checks

reg revsustalin gulag victimww2 age education ib2.language female  i.workstatus financial population ib6.region [pweight=weight], cluster(oblast)
reg revsustalin revrussiaputin [pweight=weight], robust
reg revrussiaputin gulag victimww2 age education ib2.language female  i.workstatus financial population ib6.region [pweight=weight], cluster(oblast)
reg revsustalin revrussiaputin gulag victimww2 age education ib2.language female  i.workstatus financial population ib6.region [pweight=weight], cluster(oblast)
reg revsustalin talkgulag2 talkfighting2 age education ib2.language female  i.workstatus financial population ib6.region [pweight=weight], cluster(oblast)

*Multiple Imputation (use MI dataset)

*Mediation Analysis

reg revsustalin gulag, robust
reg revsustalin victimww2, robust
reg revsustalin gulag revrussiaputin, robust
reg revsustalin victimww2 revrussiaputin, robust

medeff (regress revrussiaputin gulag) (regress revsustalin revrussiaputin gulag), treat(gulag) mediate(revrussiaputin) vce(robust)
medeff (regress revrussiaputin victimww2) (regress revsustalin revrussiaputin victimww2), treat(victimww2) mediate(revrussiaputin) vce(robust)

*Opposition to democracy

histogram democracy, discrete percent addlabel

reg democracy revsustalin, robust
reg democracy revrussiaputin, robust

reg democracy revsustalin, robust
reg democracy revrussiaputin, robust
reg democracy revsustalin age education ib2.language female i.workstatus financial population ib6.region , robust
reg democracy revrussiaputin age education ib2.language female i.workstatus financial population ib6.region , robust
